With the path to inland spawning grounds clear, the species rebounds with unexpected speed, benefiting everything from bald eagles to Atlantic cod.
By Colin Woodard, Staff Writer
Portland Press Herald news story
BATH — Motorists crossing the bridge over the Kennebec this spring and early summer were afforded dramatic views of one of Maine’s mightiest rivers, a chain of islands and warships under construction at Bath Iron Works.
But one of the most awesome sights was hidden from view: millions of fish swimming under the bridge in a pilgrimage from the Atlantic Ocean to their spawning grounds in lakes, rivers and ponds scattered over hundreds of square miles of southern, central and western Maine.
River herring – in the midst of a dramatic comeback in Maine’s rivers with the recent removal of dams that blocked their spawning runs for decades – had a banner spring run this year, with millions of fish traveling up the Kennebec and Penobscot and the best run in decades recorded on the St. Croix. This was despite heavy rains this spring that created extra challenges for the fish.
The recovery of the small schooling fish is having dramatic secondary effects, as they represent a perfect food source for everything from bald eagles to Atlantic cod, and researchers anticipate future benefits as the herring’s numbers grow in the coming decade.
“You just don’t expect ecosystems to bounce back so quickly,” says Joshua Royte, a conservation scientist at The Nature Conservancy in Maine, which played a key role in a collaborative project to remove the Penobscot dams. “These rivers are coming back gangbusters and there will be children growing up now who will never know there was a time when you couldn’t run out to see fish running in these rivers.”
River herring – as alewives and blueback herring are collectively known – are a key forage species for larger animals, packed with energy-rich oils craved by everything from young cod and halibut to adult bald eagles and ospreys. But a decade ago the offical count of their spring spawning run was down to just 3,500 in the Kennebec, 1,300 in the St. Croix and one solitary fish in the Penobscot, the result of two centuries of dam building in rivers and streams throughout Maine to power mills or control water levels.
With nearly 3.8 million fish counted at its fish passages this year, the Kennebec is now home to one of the largest river herring runs in North America, and Maine is likely to become the two species’ worldwide epicenter as the herring colonize newly opened habitat. The Penobscot saw 1.9 million, on par with last year, while the St. Croix’s 158,000-fish run was the largest in two decades.
Their return is the result of the removal of major dams at Augusta and Winslow on the Kennebec (in 1999 and 2008), Old Town and Veazie on the Penobscot (in 2012 and 2013), and the opening of fish passages at Baileyville on the St. Croix in 2013, restoring access to thousands of square miles of river herring habitat across the Maine interior, some of which was seeded with tens of thousands of small fish by the Department of Marine Resources to help kickstart recovery.
Additional habitat is being opened every year on these and other rivers as the result of smaller scale restoration projects to let the fish pass minor dams and other obstacles in tributary rivers and streams.
“The removal of the big dams rebalanced the main stem of the Penobscot and set the stage for shad, salmon, eels and alewives to get much more habitat much farther up the watershed they need for reproduction and to reach maturity,” says John Burrows, director of New England programs at the New Brunswick-based Atlantic Salmon Federation, a conservation group “For that to happen, a lot of these tributaries that were dammed much earlier – including pretty much every lake and pond outlet – need fishways.”
RESTORATION EFFORTS CONTINUE
The salmon federation has spent $4 million in recent years on projects to restore fish passages on these smaller tributaries, opening more than 22,000 acres of additional habitat for the fish. Other organizations and individuals – including alewife harvesters – have helped restore runs on smaller streams from North Haven to Phippsburg, with more in the pipeline. Runs are expected to grow as more habitat opens up and ever-greater cohorts of fish mature and return to Maine’s rivers.
River herring harvesters faced challenges this year placing their gear in rain-swollen rivers, but most still had a good season, says Jeffery Pierce, a Republican lawmaker from Dresden who heads the Alewife Harvesters of Maine, whose members trap fish primarily to sell as lobster bait. “With the big water it was hard to jeep their gear in, but it was still a really good year all and all,” he says. “The trends are positive because Maine is doing a great job cleaning up its streams and rivers.”
As more habitat opens up, Royte and other experts expect the herring runs to grow dramatically, with the Penobscot alone potentially supporting 10 million fish annually.
The ecological effects could be profound, as the fish can help clear lakes and ponds of excess nutrients and algae and are excellent food for cod, eagles and other predators. It’s also well-timed as Atlantic herring, an oceanic species that once provided an alternative food source, have been in dramatic decline in the Gulf of Maine.
Among the early beneficiaries are bald eagles. In the 1970s there were fewer than 30 breeding pairs in Maine, the result of the widespread use of the pesticide DDT, which ruined their eggs, but the eagles have since rebounded to more than 2,500 birds. Part of the reason: the 2008 removal of the dam at Winslow, which let river herring recolonize the Sebasticook River, creating a smorgasbord for kingfishers, otters, osprey and eagles.
During the fish runs, Maine Inland Fisheries and Wildlife researchers see 40 to 50 eagles in a single 3-mile stretch north of Winslow every day, meaning hundreds of birds may be feeding at the site each year.
“These are some of the largest groupings of these birds ever documented in Maine,” Burrows says. “The reason they are there is that there are millions of river herring to eat.”
COULD THIS RESTORE COD STOCKS?
Ted Ames, a fisheries researcher and former groundfisherman who co-founded the Maine Center for Coastal Fisheries in Stonington, has long argued that the collapse of river herring and other forage fish populations helped decimate nearshore stocks of cod and other groundfish. Restoring the runs, the MacCarthur Foundation genius fellowship winner predicted, might bring back this lost ocean bounty as well. And while it’s very early – the fish runs are just starting to rebuild – he says he’s already seeing encouraging indications.
“We’re seeing slowly increasing numbers of juvenile cod inshore, and halibut is starting to get re-established,” Ames says, citing results of a survey he helped design to track the health of the remnant inshore groundfish populations with hook and line. “We’re seeing a gradual recovery, and my hope is that some ground rules are put into place that allow this recovery process to continue,” specifically a closure of nearshore nursery grounds to more destructive fishing methods.
There’s little doubt the river herring are in these waters. While trying to jig for cod in Penobscot Bay for the survey last fall, University of Maine graduate student Mattie Rodrigue kept snagging alewives and other schooling fish on her hook instead.
“We couldn’t get the hooks out of the water without foul-hooking one of these pelagic fish,” she recalls. “They were unavoidable.”
